Spotted Gar
These native fish are found from Lake Erie and southern Lake Michigan drainages south throughout the Mississippi River basin and Gulf Slope drainages. Spotted gar occurs in quiet, clear pools and backwaters of lowland creeks, small to large rivers, oxbow lakes, swamps and sloughs. Waters heavy with aquatic vegetation are preferred habitat.
 
Spotted gars are the smallest for the gar family. Typically they reach two to three feet in length and four to six pounds in weight. In addition to the elongated mouth of gar, and bony scales, these fish have a profusion of dark spots on the body, head, and fins. Coloring is typically brownish along the back, fading to light brown/cream on the underside. Fins are light yellow to brown with round brown or black spots.
 
Gar spawn in the spring time when the water temperature reach into the 70 degree Fahrenheit range.  Spawning occurs in shallow water heavy with vegetation. Females may have multiple mating partners. Their poisonous green eggs are adhesive and attach to the leaves of aquatic plants.  In approximately two weeks the eggs hatch. Once the yolk sac is absorbed the fry begin feeding.  Spotted gars typically live eight to ten years.
 
While the gar’s diet consists primarily of fish, they are also know to eat shrimp, insects, and other invertebrates.  Feeding occurs primarily at night, with some activity around the twilight hours.

Description
Gar are long and cylindrical with elongated mouths. Spotted gar grow to a length of 3 feet (0.9 m), weighing 8 pounds (3.6 kg). Their upper body is brown to olive, and they have silver-white sides. Head, body, and fins have olive-brown to black spots that help camouflage the fish. A broad, dark stripe is on the sides of immature fish. Their long, snout-like mouth is lined with strong, sharp teeth, and their body is covered with thick, ganoid (diamond-shaped) scales. Spotted gar may be distinguished from other Texas gar species by the dark roundish spots on the top of the head, the pectoral fins and on the pelvic fins.

Life History
Gar move slowly unless trying to catch food, which it grabs in its jaws in a quick sideways lunge. They often bask near the water's surface on warm days. Fry feed primarily on insect larvae and tiny crustaceans, but fish appear on the diet of young gar very early. Prey is usually swallowed headfirst. Spotted gar are eaten by larger fish, alligators, herons, and cottonmouth snakes.

The long-lived gar has a life span up to 18 years. Males mature in two to three years. Females mature when three to four years old. They spawn in shallow water with low flow and heavy vegetation. Several males court a single larger female at the same time. Spawning season is from April to May. The number of eggs varies greatly, but up to about 20,000 green, adhesive eggs are attached to aquatic plants. Fry hatch after 10 to 14 days. Young gar have specialized pads on their upper jaws that allow them to adhere to vegetation. They remain attached to plants until they are about 0.75 inches (2cm) long. The pad is lost when last of the yolk sac is absorbed.

Gar have a specialized swim bladder which allows them to gulp air and live in the poorly oxygenated back waters of Texas' streams, swamps and lakes. Lepisosteus is Greek and means "bony scale", referring to the large ganoid scales. Oculatus means "provided with eyes" in Latin and refers to the dark spots on head, body, and fins. The common name, gar, is rooted in the Anglo-Saxon language and means "spear." The roe (or egg mass) is highly toxic to humans, animals, and birds.
 

Habitat
Spotted gar prefer clear, quiet, vegetated waters of streams, swamps and lakes. They sometimes enter brackish waters along the Gulf Coast.

Other
The spotted gar is one of three gar species native to Texas. They are primitive fish and date back to the Cretaceous period, some 65 to 100 million years ago. The ancestors of spotted gar swam with the dinosaurs! A large gar can eat a lot of fish, including catfish, causing them to compete with some anglers. Because of the competition and because many people think gar are difficult to clean, gar are sometimes called a "trash" fish. This term may not be warranted when you consider that spotted gar, like all native species, have an important role to play in their ecosystem.

Courtesy of Texas Parks and Wildlife